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요새 심취해서 읽고 있는『Emergence』에서 발췌한 내용들. 일부 전후맥락 없음.

The Movement from low-level rules to higher-level sophistication is what we call emergence. (p.18)

We stopped analyzing emergence and started creating it. (p.21)

neighbor interaction, pattern recognition, feedback, and indirect control. (p.22)

She (ant queen) does not decide which worker does what. (p.31)

Gordon studies display some of nature's most mesmerizing decentralized behavior: intelligence and personality and learning that emerges from the bottom up. (p.32)

the boundaries between noise and information. (p.44)

Detect and amplify patterns of information in noisy communication channels. (p.44)

The forces of another bottom-up, open-ended system: natural selection. (p.57)

More is different, Ignorance is useful, Encourage random encounters, Look for patterns in the signs, Pay attention to your neighbors. (pp.78~79)

"More is different" also applies to the distinction between micromotives and macrobehavior. (p.78)

"Local information can lead to global wisdom." (p.79)

"And the other thing that might be more typical of teenagers would be the difference between older and younger colonies in the ways that they respond to their neighbors." (p.81)

And that question underlies one of the most fundamental mysteries of emergence, which is how complicated organisms, with a wide variety of building blocks, can develop out of such simple beginnings. (p.84)

Cells self-organize into more complicated structures by learning from their neighbors. (p.84)

This is the secret of self-assembly: cell collectives emerge because each cell looks to its neighbors for cues about how to behave. (p.86)

Local rules lead to global structure ―but a structure that you wouldn't necessarily predict from the rules. (p.90)

Both the order and the vitality of working cities came from the loose, improvised assemblages of individuals who inhabited those streets. (p.92)

Part of that magic is the elemental human need of safety. (p.92)

Sidewalks provide both the right kind and the right number of local interactions. They are the gap junctions of city life. (p.94)

There has to be feedback between agents, cells that change in response to the changes in other cells. (p.96)

Why has the city superorganism triumphed over other social forms? As in the case of the social insects, there are a number of factors, but a crucial one is that cities, like ant colonies, possess a kind of emergent intelligence: an ability to store and retrieve information, to recognize and respond to patterns in human behavior. (pp.99~100)

Do cities learn? Not the individuals who populate cities, not the institutions they foster, but the cities themselves. (p.102)

The body learns without consciousness, and so do cities, because learning is not just about being aware of information: it's also about storing information and knowing where to find it. (p.103)

That pattern in time is one of the small miracles of emergence. (p.105)

"he insists that 'global' brain is mere metaphor." (p.115)

connectedness and organization. (p.117)

"hub" and "spoke". (p.119)

There is great power and creative energy in self-organization, to be sure, but it needs to be channeled toward specific forms for it to blossom into something like intelligence. (p.119)

Relationships in these systems are mutual: you influence your neighbors, and your neighbors infuence you. All emergent systems are built out of this kind of feedback, the two-way connections that foster higher-level learning. (p.120)

The link isn't recommending another page: it's pointing out that there's relationship between the sentence you're reading and the page at the other end of the link. (p.124)

the brain is a massively parallel system. (p.127)

Yes, the computer doesn't listen to music or browse the Web; it looks for patterns in data and converts those patterns into information that is useful ― or at least aims to be useful ― to human beings. (p.128)

That feedback was central to the process should come as no surprise: all decentralized systems rely extensively on feedback, for both growth and self-regulation. (p.133)

a way of transforming a complex system into a complex adaptive system. (p.139)

At that scale, you didn't need to solve the problem of self-regulation with software tools: all you needed was software that connected people's thoghts ― via the asynchronous posts of a threaded discussion board ― and the community could find its own balance. (p.149)

The solution that he arrived at shoud be immediatley recognizable by now: a mix of negative and positive feedback, structured randomness, neighbor interactions, and decentralized control. (p.154)

Malda's system not only encouraged quality in the submissions to the site; it also set up an environment where community leaders could naturally rise to the surface. (p.155)

With only one or the other, the currency is valueless; combine the two, and you have a standard for pricing community participation that actually works. (p.156)

In the digital world, at least, there is life after the climax stage. (p.157)

One system tracks the value of stuff; the other tracks the value of people. (p.157)

Posts that resonate with the "average" Slashdotters are more likely to rise to the top, while posts that express a minority viewpoint may be demoted in the system. (p.160)

interests of the "average user". (p.160)

centrism comes from below. (p.161)

But the thoughtful minorities ― the ones who attract both admirers and detractors ― would have a place at the table. (p.161)

StarLogo is a tool for thinking about bottom-up systems. (p.164)